Thomas Hardy Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Thomas Hardy Argumentative Essay Joanna requests more cash, not for need, as they arent stuck for cash yet, yet for insatiability, as since she wedded Shadrach, Emily has additionally hitched an affluent shipper/merchant, who makes her rich. Emily is more joyful, maybe more joyful than Joanna Emily pronounced that she had never assumed that she could live to be so cheerful, so she is desirous. She wedded Shadrach as she is socially eager. She sees herself as especially high up in the social chain of importance of Havenpool Town and doesnt need her companion to triumph over her. We will compose a custom article on Thomas Hardy Argumentative explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Mrs Radford, then again, clearly accepts that she is qualified for a level of Mr Radfords pay. She requests cash from him when he is on a low compensation strike-wage, once more, not for its need, as he is as yet bringing home cash, however for its sheer standard. She is insatiable and needs more cash. Both the creators depict a comparable connection between the people in the two stories. Joanna and Shadrach Jolliffe have a relationship wherein the spouse is the overwhelming character. Shadrach will do whatever his significant other lets him know as well, as he is a respectable man. He feels limited by his promise when she concludes she should wed him, after he had impugned their commitment It is no different as in the past, he replied, on the off chance that you state it must be. Later on in the story, when she is so overwhelmed by desire, that she sends her own children (and spouses) to the ocean trying to fulfill her insatiability, and Shadrach obeys undoubtedly, despite the fact that it will lead he and his children to the grave. Mr and Mrs Radfords relationship, albeit comparative, contrasts marginally. In spite of the fact that Mrs Radford is as yet the commanding female in the story; Mr Radford likes to believe that he is the man of the house. At the point when he returns home structure the bar one night, he anticipates that his better half should get him some food to eat; when she doesnt, Well, cant you get it yourself, he basically complies with her until she raises the issue of their budgetary circumstance. She asserts he should give her a level of what he is getting, however he challenges her adage Thas got bounty o cash as tha can utilize. She surrenders, in the end. This is the place Mr Radford contrasts from Shadrach. As this is his subsequent marriage, he has clearly picked up understanding from his first marriage with regards to the female mischievous ways. He opposes her. Mrs Radford notwithstanding, at that point plays her joker. She goes out to the shops and understanding that her spouses just contention is that she as of now has cash, she chooses to take care of business. Since she is out of cash, the main thing left for Mr Radford to do is hand over his compensation. I think, in end to this examination, that the two creators depict the two connections among man and lady in a silly manner. They depict the man as being constrained by his better half. Shadrach, who has no noticeable will of his own winds up complying with his better half, despite the fact that he languishes over it. Mr Radford is just beaten unexpectedly by his better half. They depict the spouses as the mischievous manipulative ladies who consistently get their direction. Show review just The above see is unformatted text This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Geoffrey Chaucer segment.

Stella Dallas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Stella Dallas - Essay Example This criticalness is stressed in instructing people to talk in one’s own voice, without falling into narcissistic self-regulation. It is a type of teaching individuals to turn their voice of the â€Å"I† outward, towards a turning out to be network that is cordial to outsiders, and permits space for the indiscernible and minor voice to be recognized. This promotion is a type of instructing people without stories of self-serving acknowledgment. Really taking shape of â€Å"the incredible man,† that is to state, a figure ready to support freedom in any event, when encircled by numerous others, is simply the primary theory of Emerson’s Reliance.† While this is an encouraging call to trust in ourselves, a prompt, well known response can be normal: Is this not very egocentric a thought of oneself to be solid today? In light of pervasive reactions of the Emersonian self on the grounds of its unnecessary accentuation on the individual side of independence, Buell contends that the individual in Emerson is guaranteed by indifference and depersonalization. A ramifications of Buell’s see is that the basic drive in Emerson’s record of oneself is adverse, that is, it is a shirking of the individual. Notwithstanding, is this the main method of reacting to Emerson’s call for individuals to become confident? In reacting to this criticalness, the negative methodology of perusing Emerson doesn't appear to be satisfactory. The undertaking for the way of thinking of training is to offer a basic system for reexamining the structure of language and oneself so as to connect the individual and the general population. The motivation behind this paper is to investigate an elective opportunities for perusing this challenged section of Emerson, a perusing that disagrees with the constrained casings of both the overarching analysis of the free figure and the safeguard. This paper proposes one chance of such a talk for instruction throu gh a reevaluation of Emerson that fixates on the topic of the training of the confident individual, from the deepest to the outmost. A fundamental figure through which we could see what is genuinely in question here is Stanley Cavell’s thought of â€Å"Emersonian moral perfectionism.† In his enemy of foundationalist way to deal with hairsplitting, Cavell destabilizes the manner in which we routinely think about oneself. He imagines a potential way from the private to the general population, demonstrating the stylish and the existential to be preconditions for our political turning out to be. At the end of the day, Cavell’s image of the Emersonian self destabilizes any idea of the â€Å"real me.† Herein, oneself is translated not as something negative yet rather, as certifiable. Especially, the class he distinguishes as the Hollywood drama of the obscure lady †exemplified by the film Stella Dallas †is analyzed as a â€Å"perfectionist narrative, † with â€Å"prophetic language† being featured as one of its key highlights. Given this method of examination, it destabilizes impression of oneself and of the self’s connection to language, and will show why the evidently dumbfounding idea of against foundationalist hairsplitting is fundamental in the section from the deepest to the outmost. Taking everything into account, I will guarantee that Cavell’s thoughts can fill in as a basic restorative to the famous talk in story training and political instruction: its elective vision of training can stir the person to discover their own voice. Cavell’

Using Problem Solution Essay Topics List to Write a Winning College Essay

Using Problem Solution Essay Topics List to Write a Winning College EssayOne of the most powerful ways to succeed in a college writing course is to work on getting a problem-solution essay. Writing an essay is really hard. Most people take a long time to get the first draft done. This problem solution essay topic lists should help you to be much more successful.The first thing you should do is to write some basic questions about your topic. Start out by asking yourself, 'What's the biggest problem that comes to mind right now?' Many times these are the things we need to solve and when we begin to look at some problems, we see the same problem, which is a source of frustration for us.The second thing you should do is to write a definition of the big problem. For example, if you're writing about a civic leader who has to decide what is a good government policy, then it's your job to define the big problem, so you will know what you're looking for. For example, when people come up with the same problem over again, there may be an underlying cause that's causing it. This may not be obvious to you but it's better to know what you're looking for.Next, look for a solution to your problem. That's the key. What is the solution? A problem-solution essay should always begin with a problem, not a solution. Many students make this mistake and then don't know what they're looking for or where to start.Next, examine the results of your problem. What did you find? Was it a disaster? Maybe you found a solution, or maybe you found a flaw. When you've discovered what the big problem is, you can begin to look for a solution.Once you've written a definition of the problem, you can move to the next step of writing a definition of the solution. Write a definition, and the definition needs to be short. Make sure you're giving the whole picture. Don't overwhelm yourself with too much information.Then you need to bring together the two ideas to form a simple question. For example, you c ould ask yourself, 'What's the difference between the problem and the solution?'Once you're done with this step of writing a problem-solution essay topics list, you'll have the answers you need. You'll know what you're looking for and you can apply the lessons you learned to your problem solving and your grades. It's that easy.

The Issue Of Human Sex Trafficking - 1262 Words

The innocence of a child is a cherished value held in the heart of all children. All children deserve the purest of education and care, completely free of coercion and threat. Through the twisted criminal act of human trafficking, innocent children are placed into a modern day act of slavery. Though the thought of enslaving children is shocking, the issue of human sex trafficking is still well alive and rising in the United States. In efforts to raise awareness and inform the public of this heinous act, it is important to identify the issue of human sex trafficking, capture the johns while raising awareness, and to provide rehabilitation for the victims. Human sex trafficking is demoralizing and harmful to the children that the act affects; the young female children are sold and exploited which eventually causes them to have mental issues. Toddler to adolescent females are frequently captured and kidnapped by mongrels to be sold for sex; this dehumanizing act is known as human traffi cking, a growing criminal activity in the United States. Children are forced into selling their bodies on an everyday basis involuntarily by the johns and pimps who have coerced them into this 21st century slave trade. According to Lippman, an author from the New York Times, those who are unfortunate enough to be forced into the commercial sex trade are often physically and verbally abused by the johns (Lippman 2013). Through the process of being traded and sold, the young girls lose theirShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Human And Sex Trafficking1272 Words   |  6 Pagescome next is trapped in your head. What? How? Who? Is all you ask yourself. You become a lost soul who s left without any hope for a better tomorrow. No one ever believes it can happen to them , and it’s the last thing on anyone’s mind. â€Å"Human And Sex Trafficking is one of the fastest growing crimes in the world† ( stop the traffik. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May 2016). It s such huge crime , yet the authorities can’t get it under control. These horrific events take place all over the world and there sRead MoreSex Trafficking Is A Huge Global Health And Human Rights Issue Affecting Roughly 152 Countries Around The World1437 Words   |  6 PagesBy the time you finish reading this paper nearly 23 children around the world will be victims of sex trafficking. Sex trafficking is a huge global health and human rights issue affecting roughly 152 countries around the world (Greenbaum Crawford-Jakubiak, 2015). The United Nations describes sex trafficking as â€Å"the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of theRead MoreProstitution Prevention And Prevention Act1560 Words   |  7 Pageshe perpetuation of human sex trafficking and the rising numbers of trafficked victims is also linked to Thailand’s weak government. The combination of widespread corruption among government officials and the lack of enforcement of laws concerning the Thai sex industry has lead to the prominence of human sex trafficking. The 1996 Prostitution Prevention and Prevention Act was implemented to punish pimps, procurers, brothel owners and customers, however; this law and many others designed to protectRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1199 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it is hard not to wonder if these kids are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but the world. ResidingRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Crime Under Federal And International Law Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesInvoluntary servitude is an issue that has been fought around the world for centuries, whether it be slavery in 1800s America or child labor in third world countries, the fight never ends. Our countries and their leaders are constantly increasing the awareness and the strength to fight our biggest human rights issues. Human trafficking is a crime under federal and international law and it is a crime in every si ngle state in the United States. According to The White House, around the globe, an estimatedRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another person to have sex against their will. (Sex Trafficking in the U.S, 1)Read MoreThe Globalization Of Human Trafficking990 Words   |  4 Pageswill define the globalization of human trafficking through the context of the United States as a first world nation and extension of this problematic issue in European nations, such as Russia and in the Baltic region. The first world status of th e United States provides a context in which human trafficking has become a major problem when defining domestic markets for criminal organizations. However, the U.S. provides an example of the impact of human trafficking that occurs on a much wider scaleRead MoreChild Sex Trafficking And Human Trafficking1096 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it’s hard not to wonder if they have been kidnapped and are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking also known as human trafficking is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but alsoRead MoreSex Trafficking And The United States1672 Words   |  7 Pagesterm human sex trafficking, they think of heinous acts that take place in other countries where adults, children, girls and boys are exploited to perform sexual acts in exchange for money or goods against their will. They think it typically occurs in places that are less developed than the United States. However, the reality of this horrific crime is that it is taking place in the United States, and it occurs more and more each and ev ery day. Young girls are not solely the victim of human sex traffickingRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1603 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The history of enslaving humans for the benefit of labor, sex, and financial gain runs deep and parallel to the existence of civilization. While a small portion of the history of slavery reflects a more humane and less brutal treatment of those in servitude, such as the Babylonian slaves of 18th century BC who were permitted to own land; contrastingly, most slavery practices historically have been established in a foundation of violence and control, such as the slaves of ancient Greece

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens,...

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens, 1789 Works Cited Missing The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens was formed by the National Assembly on 27th August 1789. It was intended by the National Assembly to be the preliminary statement of principles which the constitution should be modelled. Thus allowing the nation of France to be liberated and achieve a secure structure to their society. Marquis de Lafayette, the commander of the National Guard and Thomas Paine, an English political thinker, were major contributors in the drawing up of the declaration. Lafayette made several†¦show more content†¦This was an assertion against the Ancien Regime, where birth rights distinguished citizens; peasants had no opportunity to improve their social strata due to the high poverty and oppression. Possibly the most liberating clause out of the declaration, was the concept of popular sovereignty. It was considered that absolute power should no longer reside in the hands of the Monarch. Instead, sovereignty would rest with the nation, giving th e citizens the opportunity to exercise their power. There are some clauses that centre wholly on the enlightenment movement. To liberate a nation required certain minimal restrictions. In 1762 Rousseau had published the Social Contract. Within it Rousseau outlined that, human beings agree to an implicit Social Contract which gave them certain rights, in return for giving up certain freedoms (J.Hunt (1998) Pg7). This inferred that people have the right to life, in return for giving up the freedom to kill others. Release also arrived for religion. People were free to follow their chosen beliefs, signalling the end of exclusive Catholicism. Deism was being introduced. In particular, Voltaire believed that although the universe was created by God; it was then left to operate accordingly to scientific law (Merriman (1996) Pg407). This then paved the way for a variety of otherShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of The Rights Of Man And The Citizen On The 26 August 17891617 Words   |  7 Pagesin order to contain the flames out of this came the creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen on the 26 August 1789 by the National Assembly, composed of those from the Third Estate. This declaration was heavily influenced by the American Revolution and Thomas Jefferson, who one of the founding fathers and a principal author of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was all about man’s ‘natural right’ at any time and pertaining to any individual, no matter where theyRead MoreThe Power Of The Crown And The Authority Of The Government1162 Words   |  5 Pagesauthority of the government is limited by the Declaration of Man and the Citizen. One situation where the government is limited is where â€Å"Men are born free and remain equal in rights.† (1789, Art, 1, DRMC.) The government must give all men equal rights. The rights of man include â€Å"liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.† (1789, Art, 2, DRMC.) Both the power of the crown and the authority of the government are limited by (1789, Art, 3, DRMC.) â€Å"no individual can exercise authorityRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Tennis Court Oath1680 Words   |  7 Pages In 1789, the Ancien Regime came to an end through the beginning of the French Revolution and the Tennis Court Oath. The patchwork quilt of the old French system had finally been ripped away. While the practical changes of the French government and society did not happen immediately, the mindset and the philosophy of the people changed quickly. They began demanding faster action than the government was willing to give. Looking at who is to be a citizen, religious minorities, and women, the idealsRead MoreThe Declaration Of The Rights Of Man And Citizen1529 Words   |  7 PagesFrance’s, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, played an integral role in the development of democracy and the pursuit of liberty throughout Europe. This document was written and introduced by General Lafayette as a result of the French Revolution. The French Constituent Assembly passed it in August of 1789. Influenced by Thomas Jefferson, the American Declaration of Independence, the American Revolution, and the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers, the document reiterates the valuesRead MoreThe Success Of The American Revolution881 Words   |  4 PagesThe years 1776 and 1789 were two pivotal years for oppressed citizens. In America, the citizens were fed up with the totalitarian monarchy of England who continuously taxed them. The American colonies wanted their freedom from England because they no longer had a say in England’s government, but were still forced to follow its laws. Thomas Jefferson, the head of the committee to later drafted America’s demand for freedom, went so far as to call England an â€Å"absolute tyranny.† Americans knew theirRead MoreIn 1789, The Old Regime Came To An End With The Beginning1283 Words   |  6 Pages In 1789, the old regime came to an end with the beginning of the French Revolution. The patchwork quilt of the old French system had been swept away. While the changes of the French government and society were not sudden, the mentality and the philosophy of the people changed suddenly to allow for the practical changes to come around. Looking at who is to be a citizen, religious minorities, and women, the ideal for a new system came suddenly from the enlightenment, which allowed practical changesRead MoreWomen s Rights During The French Revolution1041 Words   |  5 Pagesthese rights. Although the estates system was abolished, the class system remained, and there continued to be huge wealth disparity in France. As the October Days in the same year highlighted, urban workers continued to struggle to afford bread. The Declaration only guaranteed equality of rights. Although this is significant, the Declaration was by no means so revolutionary that it eliminated inequality and oppression in Fran ce. This is arguably best exemplified by examining women’s rights. The DeclarationRead MoreFrench and Haitian Revolution Comparisons1531 Words   |  7 Pagesextremely upset with the government that was ruling over them. However, these angry citizens only revolt a fraction of the time, due to fear of the government. Two examples of when people stood up for their rights and revolted are the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution. These revolts are loosely connected, as many say that the Haitian Revolution was inspired by the French Revolution. The French Revolution started in 1789 and continued all the way until 1814. The people in France had discontent withRead MoreThe Enlightenment Principles Of Rationalism And Universal Rights1684 Words   |  7 Pagesof rationalism and universal rights shaped modern Europe and North America through the rejection of absolutist government and the movement towards an equal society. The effect of these Enlightenment ideas is evident th roughout the ‘Declaration of Independence’, written by Thomas Jefferson and the Congressional Congress in 1776. These same ideas spread to France, culminating in the National Assembly’s ‘The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen’ in 1789. This essay will begin by introducingRead MoreLiberalism in French Revolution Through Enlightenment1593 Words   |  7 Pagespoor in the towns increased every year. These famines resulted in bread riots. On the other hand the aristocrats were squandering immense fortunes — hundreds of thousands and millions of francs a year — in unbridled and absurd luxury. Personally the man was free, but all this network of dues and exactions, still clung round the peasant. The French society was ripe for a revolution that would change the course of history. The intelligentsia of the French society was at the same time becoming enamored

My Personal Experience My American Experience - 746 Words

I have been taught to work for what I get. My life has been a big road of that so far, having its ups and downs. My whole life I have had to deal with immigration, racism, or my parents not being able to help me when it comes to school purposes. But this has helped me in many ways. It has pushed me, and made me trust in myself. But of all honesty, it has not been so bad, because my parents had took it all for me. And other than that, I have had no problems. If I do, I will ask for help. I feel like I am living a great life. My American experience has been run by motivation, trust, and hard work. First off, My American Experience has been dependent a lot on trust. You can’t do anything to your full extent if you don’t think you can do it.†¦show more content†¦So I’ve learned that if I work hard enough I could do anything. Finally, I have a lot of motivation to get myself through my American experience. If you have not noticed. I have shown or you could point out that I am very determined. And of course, you don’t have to be so determined, but in my case. I am even though I am lazy. I want to be able to see myself living really well in the future. Or you could say that I want to have a good amount of money. But I am not selfish person, just as most of America, like Claude Fisher’s research said in â€Å"Sweet Land of†¦ Conformity† is that â€Å"Americans also believe that once individuals are members of the group, they must be loyal†. I that is true for the most part because what I translate that to say. Is that yo u must love that group (family) that you were born into, or to love that family that you have put together. So it motivates me to work hard for those people, so that one day I can repay them. In conclusion, I have worked for what I have. That I am motivated, work hard, and trust that of what you could say that I love, in a way. And if you are in a bad spot, don’t be too upset and let it all go, because I believe that if you are in a bad spot. Just know that it can’t last forever, so keep it positive. If you are passionate about something, let yourself take that road instead of what people are saying. And if you’re not so good at it, just keep practicing. Why would you wantShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : My American Experience1750 Words   |  7 PagesGerson Vasconcelos Dr. Daniel Glenn American Experience April 9, 2015 My American Experience Studying in a foreign country is an interesting experience of an individual lifetime. One tends to learn a number of things relating to ways of life in a foreign land. Social, political and economic values and aspects are usually different from one region to another. Therefore, through studying abroad one is able to learn different issues about another society such as gender and sexuality issues, socialRead MorePersonal Narrative : My American Experience1101 Words   |  5 Pages My American Experience Growing up in Ghana, I had heard a lot of things about the U.S. This was a country I had always wanted to visit; my prayer was answered when I got the opportunity to travel there. Arriving in a new environment came with many experiences. Adjusting with food, language and the weather was not easy. With the passage of time, however I have been able to0 adjust and fit it. This write-up therefore is to elaborate on my experiences since coming to U.S. I had many interesting experiencesRead MoreReflective Essay On African Americans1392 Words   |  6 PagesMULTICULTURAL AWARENESS When I see African Americans, the first thing that comes to mind is dangerous and disrespectful people that impacted many events in a negative way throughout the years, that involved that particular group of people. As a helper in my field in nutrition, I would feel uncomfortable working with African Americans. With this being said, when I am surrounded by the group of people, I question myself, if I am safe or if anything negative was going to happen? Overall, I just getRead MoreImportance Of Cultural Awareness799 Words   |  4 Pagesto build much more successful professional and personal relationships in such a diverse environment and society. This is important because it allows people to reach their at-most potential in life. I think that historically culture has a stereotype for everyone, no matter what race, gender or beliefs that people have. In my own culture people tend to look down on people and judge people based on simple things such as those above. Personal experiences have helped me to see through a lot of the nonsenseRead MoreI Am Applying Intersectionality And The Sociological Imagination1080 Words   |  5 PagesI am applying intersectionality and the sociological imagination to my intersecting identities: class, gender, and ethnicity. By employing intersectionality and the sociological imagination, I am analyzing how my positionality affected my personal experiences while connecting those events with society. I also included five peer-reviewed articles as supporting evidence. Kimberlà © Williams Crenshaw is an African American scholar, civil rights advocate, and law professor who developed the term intersectionalityRead MoreHow Does Power Affect The Development Of My Personal Development?934 Words   |  4 PagesThe processes associated with power, and privilege have shaped my relationship and greatly impacted the development of my personal identity; these influences have shaped me to be strong, independent, resilient woman I am today playing a huge role in my personal development. Power is defined as the ability to control. Privilege, is invisible in the sense by looking at someone one can’t tell if they are privileged or not, you as the individuals are privileged, based on the advantage that you have.Read MorePersonal Statement For Tisch School Of The Arts708 Words   |  3 PagesLivingston’s Personal Statement for Tisch School of the Arts I am a Pakistan-born United States resident. I lived in Pakistan until 2009 and worked as an elementary, middle and high school music and fine arts teacher as well as an actor, dancer and singer. I had no opportunity to be formally trained in acting and singing. I learned to sing, dance and act from private tutors. However, I ve always desired to be trained at a world class acting school. I grew up in an artistic family. My parents wereRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964848 Words   |  4 Pagesto reflect on particular personal circumstances based around actual events. First will be a clearly defined section of the Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964, followed by a brief description of personal experiences involving discrimination, and concluding with a reflection as to how the American workforce is protected by law. The writing will cover any ethically related issues, personal thoughts and ideas, and illustrations of how the law pertains directly to personal events, as well as provideRead More Learning a New Language Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagesmatter that touches many American cultures. Cultures thrive on their languages and customs to define the people they are. However, second languages can divide not only people of a specific group but also members of a particular family. Several writers address the unvarying difficulty of learning a second language in America. Many rhetorical devices are used to sustain their assertions and to shape the reader. An Asian-American author speaks about multilingualism in American today. Tan (2002) usesRead MoreLiving As Woman And A Muslim Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesconstructed by the American Sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959 to describe the ability to understand how our lives are affected by the historical and sociological changes around us. In order to possess the knowledge of sociological imagination, we should be able to pull away from the current situation and be able to look and think from a different perspective. C. Wright Mills defined his concept of sociological imagination as â€Å"...the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider

Consumer Returns The Medical Instrument †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consumer Returns The Medical Instrument? Answer: Introducation Accounts receivable refers to the entire amount that the company is expected to receive pertaining to the delivery of specific products as well as services. Beasley (2015) opines that the accounts receivable is enumerated by analysing the credit sales with the mean receivable time. Thus, the account related to the account receivable is the account of credit sales (Beasley, 2015). Evaluation: based on the case study it can be mentioned that all the actions related to receivables are undertaken by the trade receivable official. For example, the consumer returns the medical instrument, after documenting the reason behind the return as well as completion of documents, specific credit notes drawn in favour of customer is necessarily raised by the trade receivable clerk. Furthermore, the journal posting along with receipts from different debtors are sent to the one who prepares the deposit slip of the bank. Thus, in this case risk can be regarded to be high. Risk of audit: All the actions associated to the receivables are essentially undertaken by the trade receivable official. Essentially, there subsists a risk that the receivable might possibly be misappropriated by this official else wise lesser amount of receivable might be recorded (DeFond Zhang, 2014). Audit steps that can diminish the risk- In a bid to reduce the risk related to accounts receivable of GPSA, different actions connected to the receivables need to be separated out among different members of the staff. Investment Account- In essence, it is particularly the investment that can be converted to cash within the period of 3 months to nearly 12 months. As such, it is registered under the current assets and are considered as cash or else equivalents of cash. () asserts that accounts linked to this is referred to as the investment account. Evaluation- As such, investments are basically susceptible to diverse system of accounting and the treatment might also be different. Therefore, the risk related to the current investment can be ascertained to be medium level (Jia, 2016). Risk of audit- Fundamentally, the inherent assessment risk that might possibly be related to the current investment include investment done without taking into consideration different risk as well as return factors. -Audit steps for diminishing risk- The return earned from the investment need to be examined regularly. Additionally, the precedent growth trends observed in investment need to be analysed before undertaking investment by firm (Jia, 2016). Property assets/resources Accounts: The accounts associated to property resources are essentially the account of fixed assets as well as the depreciation amount (Jia, 2016). Evaluation- In case if the property resources are not registered appropriately or else if the depreciation is not mentioned appropriately, the this can exert huge influence on the financial assertions. Thus, the risk associated with property resources can be regarded to be high. Risk of audit- The assessor might possibly not differentiate the resources that were utilized for over 180 days and for less than specifically 180 days during the particular year if the resources were not recorded appropriately (Jia, 2016). Audit steps for lessening the risk- the ledger for asset have the need to be assessed appropriately for checking both the purchase as well as sales of property assets. Additionally, adding up, deleting along with impairing also needs to be examined correctly. Intangible Assets Accounts: In particular, the accounts that are related to the intangible assets are necessarily the goodwill, patent or else the copyright. Evaluation: Intangible asset need to be analysed appropriately in order to examine their value and mode of recognition. Again, it also needs to be checked whether the resource has economic life of indefinite else wise definite period. Thus, the risk related to the account can be considered to be high (Jia, 2016). Risk of audit- the intangible assets essentially has no physical existence and the process of ascertainment of fair value of intangible asset can be considered to be difficult. Additionally, there is said to be variance between the cost of acquirement and the fair value of firms intangible assets (DeFond Zhang, 2014). Steps for diminishing risk: Fair value of diverse intangible assets will be ascertained by the professionals. Control over the entire process of determination of fair value of resources also helps in reduction of risks. Capitalization of firms research and development Accounts- Since the research activities of particularly GPSA was not flourishing, expends can possibly be debited to both profit as well as loss account. Nevertheless, disbursement on development can essentially be capitalized since the development was unbeaten (DeFond Zhang, 2014) Evaluation- there is said to exist a very thin line between specifically successful and unsuccessful research as well as development. Since the disbursements on research and development involve greater amount, inaccurate recognition can direct towards high risk level (DeFond Zhang, 2014). Risk of audit- the inherent risk that can be related to expend on research and development involves categorising research as successful or else unsuccessful ones. Additionally, the specific amounts engaged in the actions are difficult to enumerate appropriately. Audit steps for reduction of risks: particular ledger that can be linked to expend can be examined appropriately. Moreover, prior to establishment of product as successful or else unsuccessful one, it is essential to carry out a market research (Hayes et al., 2014). Evaluation of ratio for assessment of business risk Return on equity- Analysis of the financial pronouncements reveal the fact that the return on equity is observed to have a downward trend and has dropped from nearly 22.7% during 2015 to 7.19 during 2017. This reflects that the capability of the firm to generate profits out of the investments are decreasing. Thus, there is said to risk on profitability on equity of the shareholders (DeFond Zhang, 2014). Analysis of return earned on total assets- The return earned on total assets of the corporation is seen to be on downward trend. This has essentially dropped from the level of 15.52% during the year 2015 to around 4.86% during the year 2017. This necessarily replicates the fact that income of the firm before taxes as well as interest along with the capability of the firm to generate gains as against the resources of the firm is diminishing (Fung, 2014). Thus, it can be said that there subsists risk on particularly the profitability of the operations. Analysis of profit margin (net): the net profit margin of the company displays a declining trend and the same has dropped from 15.52 during the year 2015 to 4.86% during the year 2017. This essentially shows that the income before both taxes as well as interest along with the capability of the firm as regards generation of profits as against the resources is diminishing. Thus, there is said to be risk on profitability of the firm (Beasley, 2015). Analysis of firms time earned interest- in essence, this reflects the times for which the firms interest earned during a specific period decreased to 1.90 times as compared to 3.51 during 2016 and 4.10 times during the year 2015. Thus, there exists a risk of savings since the corporation is not able to save sufficient amount to create interest earnings (Beasley, 2015). Analysis of days in accounts receivables- Since the days in accounts receivable has enhanced from the level of 53.24 days to around 83.07 over the two year period of 2015 and 2017. Therefore, there exists a bad debt risk from essentially the receivables (Cannon Bedard, 2016). Analysis of current ratio- Even though the current ratio of the corporation is in rising trend, the current ration of the firm stands at 1.80 during the year 2016. This essentially shows the risk of not utilizing the working capital effectively by the firms management. Analysis of debt to equity ratio: A higher debt to equity ratio greater than 1 shows that the corporation is hugely leveraged and the firm has acquired more funds through debt financing as compared to equities (Jia, 2016). Thus, it might possibly enhance the risk related to payment to diverse financiers along with creditors since higher amount of debt refers to greater amount of interest. Effectual control Disbursement of bonus: Bonuses paid to management official can be assessed by firms shareholders. However, in case of variance with the budget prepared ( monthly), the person accountable is asked to explicate the reason behind the variance. Protection of password- the application programs were strictly protected with passwords that restricted free admittance. The implementation of the IT system in the company involved assessment of success of the system (Eilifsen et al., 2013). Permitting discount- Discount permitted to all the esteemed customers are substantiated by particularly the sales director before upgrading permissible discounts to customers (Beasley, 2015). Receivable from trade Receivables are merged with the control of debtors during the closing of each and every month. Aging evaluation- Aged evaluation for receivables are presented using the computers at month end after taking into account all the invoices that can be processed into the specific system. Essentially, the aged evaluation is further assessed by the financial controller. Particularly, the receivables for over and above 890 days are necessarily separated and the firms clerk responsible for trade receivable is asked to mention the reason behind the payment delay (Hay, 2015). Doubtful Debt- Whilst the process of preparation of the follow up strategy for doubtful debtors, in which the balance is well above the prescribed limit, the shipment of further products to specific customers is essentially withheld in case if minimum prescribed amount is not accepted (Sookhak et al., 2017). Risk Mitigated Admittance to the database- Even though strict password is implemented to control the admittance on specific programs associated to IT functionalities, the admittance to the database is not protected by password that in turn can expose the entire system to risk of unlawful access (Barton Bruder, 2014). Physical Delivery Notes- In essence, shipping tiles to customers leads to generation of specific manual notes and this has increased over time. This necessarily exposes the entire system to both intentional as well as unintentional mistakes associated to amount of delivery (Beasley, 2015). Involvement of single individual for diverse activities- All the business activities related to firms trade receivables can be undertaken by the clerk of the firm. For instance, the returns of the customers on medical equipments earned after ascertaining the reason of gaining return and completion of documents, credit note in favour of consumers can be raised by the clerk for managing trade receivable. Furthermore, the journal posting along with the receipts acquired from the debtors are essentially passed to the official who is accountable for deposit slip from the bank. Undertaking all the actions by the same individual leads to exposure to fraud risk, faults or else misappropriation either intentionally or else unintentionally (Cannon Bedard, 2016). As rightly indicated by Jia (2016), test of control can be considered as a process of audit that can be used for examination of efficiency of internal control procedure utilized by the client company for detection or else prevention of material misstatement. Founded on the results of the test, the assessor can decide regarding the dependence level on the internal system of control. Essentially, the tests of control can be classified as follows: Re-performance: Under this system, a new transaction is introduced to examine the internal system of control Inspection- Under this system, the related documents are assessed using stamps, authorization as well as signatures for examining the control (Eilifsen et al., 2013). Observation- Under this specific system, the business process in action and the linked internal system of control are also assessed. Effective control under the test of control is essentially mentioned below: Disbursement of bonus- Observation tactic of control can be performed for this purpose Protection of password- Inspection tactic of control test can be performed for this purpose Discount allowance- re-performance tactic of control test can be performed for this purpose (Louwers et al., 2015). Receivables from trade- re-performance tactic of control test can be performed for this purpose Aging Analysis-Both the observation as well as inspection tactic of control test can be performed for this purpose Doubtful Debt- Re-performance tactic of control test can be performed for this purpose (Knechel Salterio, 2016). Weaknesses in internal control for particularly sales as well as trade receivable The company disburses bonuses to the management officials on the basis of sales volume. However, there are chances that sales volume might increase misleadingly (DeFond Zhang, 2014). Manual delivery notes are also declared for sale of tiles that are vulnerable to faults, fraud or else material misstatement ales journal are also presented on monthly basis, however, there remains chances of misplacement of different manual documents (Hayes et al., 2014). Trade Receivables- Trade receivable official is also accountable for business receivables associated to activities that again might lead to intentional or else unintentional acts of fraud, errors else wise material misstatement Trade receivables are merged with the receipt of the bank at the end of each and every month that is fairly an extensive time for settlement of major items such as receivables (Fung, 2014). References Barton, H., Bruder, N. (2014).A guide to local environmental auditing. Routledge. Beasley, M. S. (2015).Auditing cases: An interactive learning approach. Prentice Hall. Cannon, N. H., Bedard, J. C. (2016). Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field.The Accounting Review,92(4), 81-114. DeFond, M., Zhang, J. (2014). A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), 275-326. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W. F., Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F. (2013).Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Fung, S. (2014).Hong Kong Auditing: Economic Theory Practice. City University of HK Press. Hay, D. (2015). The frontiers of auditing research.Meditari Accountancy Research,23(2), 158-174. Hayes, R., Wallage, P., Gortemaker, H. (2014).Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Jia, X. (2016).Auditing the auditor: secure delegation of auditing operation over cloud storage. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, https://eprint. iacr. org/2011/304. pdf. Accessed 10 Aug. Knechel, W. R., Salterio, S. E. (2016).Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., Thibodeau, J. C. (2015).Auditing assurance services. McGraw-Hill Education. Sookhak, M., Gani, A., Khan, M. K., Buyya, R. (2017). Dynamic remote data auditing for securing big data storage in cloud computing.Information Sciences,380, 101-116.

The Effects of Internet Addiction free essay sample

The Effects of Internet Addiction As we are living in a digital world, many people spend too much time using the Internet, and it is terrible to see more than 15 percent of people spend more than 11 hours a week using the Internet in different ways. However, do you want to have many health problems or social problems because of the Internet? As you know, being an introvert person, having sleeplessness, and getting sore eyes are the three common effects of Internet addiction. Being an introvert person is one way to affect your life negatively because of the Internet addiction. Many people believe that spending too much time in front of the monitor can separate them from other people, and make them feel introvert, shy, and unsocial person. In addition to that, if the parents spend a lot of time using the Internet, they children will learn to do the same. Consequently, the children will be addictive as same as their parents, and that is really so bad for children and adults too. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Internet Addiction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having insomnia is yet another reason of Internet addiction. Since people stay many times searching the websites, chatting with their friends, and doing many things online, so they will get used to sleep late every night, which is too bad for their health. For example, if we used to watch online movies at night, especially the horror movies, we would be scared and feel that we do not want to sleep, which is leading to insomnia. Getting eyes inflammation is one more reason of exaggeration to use the Internet. For instance, when you spend more than 11 hours a week looking at the computer screen, your family will tell you that your eyes become reddish. Due to the Internet addiction and its disadvantages at our eyes, most of ophthalmologists say that we have to reduce of exposure our eyes to computer screens. Furthermore, do you want to have ugly eyes because of the Internet? In conclusion, it is clearly noted that being introvert, having lack of sleep at night, and getting eyes problems are enough effects to stop addictive at the Internet, and use it in balance way for significant reasons only.

The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Essays

The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Essays The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Paper The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Paper A Jenoir direction adviser is supplying adviser service for strategic direction of the companies. Senior direction squad of Ryan air inside informations on the contracts signed with Jenoir direction consulting company for acquire the confer withing service in strategic direction of the Ryan air s hereafter. As a consequence of this we carried out a strategic analysis in footings of the environment, industry and besides sing the internal public presentation of Ryan air. The purpose of this study is to supply confer withing services to Ryan air for its strategic direction in the hereafter. This study will concentrate on: The strategic analysis of the Macro Environment taking into history the PESTEL factors which will pull out the chances and menaces, Industry analysis utilizing the Porters Five Forces Model and a Strategic Group Model and Internal analysis pulling out the resources and capablenesss and the VRIO utilizing the Value-Chain Model for Ryan air. Thereafter, recommendations will be given as to how Ryan air can better which will be continued in the 2nd portion of this study. Hence, this study will demo how Ryan air can execute better in the long tally by placing the cardinal strategic issues. Table of Contentss EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Table of Contentss 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 4 2.1 Company Background 4 2.2 Core Problem 5 3.0 ANALYSIS ( MODELS / THEORY USED ) 5 3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 5 3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS 5 3.1.2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air 6 3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 3.2.1PORTER S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR 6 3.2.2 Strategic Groups 7 3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 8 3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan air 8 Barney s Model for Ryan Air 9 3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain Analysis 9 4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS 10 5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS 11 5.1 Resources and capablenesss 11 7.0 CONCLUSION 13 8.0 RECOMMEDATION 14 9.0 Mentions 15 10.0 APPENDIX 16 10.1 Appendix 1 16 10.2 Appendix 2 17 10.3 Appendix 3 18 10.4 Appendix 4 19 10.5 Appendix 5 20 10.6 Appendix 6 21 10.7 Appendix 7 22 10.8 Appendix 8 22 1.0 Introduction The present concern universe is extremely complex, competitory and fast changing. Ryan air started in twelvemonth 1985 with merely 57 staff members and with one 15 seated propjet plane from the South of E of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 riders on one path. Ryan air was the first budget air hose in Europe and besides more successful low cost air hose in Europe. Ryan air s competitory advantage is its ability to turn and surpass others as it is Europe s first low-fares, no-frills bearer and in malice of economic instability there has been a growing in net incomes. ( Ryan air 2006 ) Harmonizing to Viljoen and Dann ( 2003 ) strategic direction is defined as the procedure of identifying, taking and implementing activities that will better the long tally public presentation of an administration by puting waies and by making on traveling compatibility. Presently in 2006 European air line industry confronting a background and the burgeoning budget sector. In order to analyze Ryan air s strategic will be focus on External, Internal environment and Industry. External environment will be analyzing the factors in the macro environment which influence hereafter industry growing and development, factors impacting current and future profitableness, place of rivals and strategic groups within the industry, to derive the drive forces of the industry, kineticss and eventually to understand international fight. Further more this analysis focal point on how Ryan air wants to make value for clients, its client value and competitory advantage, its activity value concatenation, client value the value proposition and finding the concern theoretical account to present the value place, short term and long term focal point and sustainability and methodological analysis of analyzing concern scheme. In concluding this analysis will concentrate on Ryan air s current strategic direction positions and how it can profit by utilizing strategic direction theories and the agencies by which the organizational efficiencies of Ryan air would be improved and urge to direction squad of Ryan air for bettering scheme execution. 2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 2.1 Company Background Ryan air started in twelvemonth 1985 with merely 57 staff members and with one 15 seated propjet plane from the South of E of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 riders on one path. Ryan air was the first budget air hose in Europe and besides more successful low cost air hose in Europe. Ryan air s competitory advantage is its ability to turn and surpass others as it is Europe s first low-fares, no-frills bearer and in malice of economic instability there has been a growing in net incomes. In placing the current concern scheme we would be analyzing the vision, mission and aims of Ryan air. The mission of the Ryan air is to go Europe mostly paid low menu by turn overing out proven low cost no frills in all markets in which we operate to the benefits of riders, people and portion holders. ( Ryan air Report, 2007 ) Ryan air s societal duty is supplying good service to the riders. The vision is to firmly set up itself as Europe s cargo low menus scheduled rider air hose through continued betterment and expanded offerings of its low menu service ( Ryan air Report 2007 ) . Ryan air s aims are 40 per centum addition the market portion within the low menu air hose sector, in 2012 dual the one-year rider transit to eighty million and to quadruple Ryan air s one-year net income up to 1,230 billion. 2.2 Core Problem Ryan air being one of the taking budget air lines in Europe, which is presently confronting crisis. Though they were executing good during the last few old ages, presently European air line industry confronting a background and the burgeoning budget sector. Therefore it is necessary for Ryan air to see the causes of the crisis and necessary action good on clip. Due to this ground Jenoir direction advisers will be analyzing the external, internal and industry, whether Ryan air could over come this barrier. 3.0 ANALYSIS ( MODELS / THEORY USED ) 3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS Pestle analysis is of import for identify Ryan air s schemes through macro external factors. These factors are in the air hose industry to understand Ryan air s future external menaces and chances. ( Refer Appendix 1 ) Political and Legal Security solution is the current move of authorities about air hose industry, which will increase the cost of service. Governments can take an action if there will be any difference in concern trades from Ryan air with Airport. The Ryan air must besides accommodate its schemes to accommodate the authorities statute laws and policies and must give more attending to the political of the state where they operate. Ryanair have been involved in assorted legal differences with authoritiess both in Ireland and the EU sing their concern trades with airdromes and air hose regulation organic structures. Economic Factors Global Economic recession in 2001-2003 had adversely affected many states and in had prostration the fiscal schemes of the company. Due to the recession the income degree of the people has come down due to that most people are proroguing or call offing their air travel. Socio cultural Factors After the September 11th incident in USA air travel as become a high hazard in concern in air line industry. More security steps are taken and the riders are confronting troubles. This has become a immense menace to air line industry. Technological- Ryan air s web site is the largest travel web site in Europe and this could assist them to increase e-commerce and advertisement gross. Their in flight cyberspace gaming, satellite telecasting and web-based check-in is an added advantage for Ryan air. Environmental Factor: The impression that the universe is becoming smaller and a move towards eco friendly environment by commanding noise degrees and green-house C emanations. 3.1.2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air Porter s diamond theoretical account for Ryan air is stated in appendix 2 severally. 3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 3.2.1PORTER S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR Dickering Power of Supplier Ryan air s chief aircraft provider is Boeing and other one is Airbus. Switch overing cost will be high when change the aircraft. Fuel monetary values will impact Ryan air s cost straight, so they are extremely dependent the fuel monetary values and besides it is really large menace of their strongest side. Generally regional airdromes have small bargaining power if they are to a great extent dependent on one air hose but twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours their bargaining power increasing because of the competition between low cost air hoses. Besides of those regional airdromes, bigger airdromes have really immense bargaining power. ( Refer Appendix 3 ) Dickering Power of Customers Ryan air is the low cost air hose for all Europe finishs and clients are particularly in recession times extremely monetary value medium. It is really easy to alter their air hose and it is In this client s cognition about the cost of service is high and there is no client trueness for Ryan air. Even though there is no client trueness, dickering power of clients is low. Ryan air is the cheapest air hose for all Europe finishs and clients are particularly in recession times extremely monetary value medium. Menace of New Entrants There are tonss of barriers to entry and it is really risk to be new in air hose industry. The capital that will put in this sector is really high. It is besides difficult to take a topographic point current competition and besides difficult to happen suited airdromes for the flights. Menace of Substitutes There is non any trade name trueness of clients and Ryan air preferred client relationship is non close relationship. If their clients find better manner to travel they will non experience any vacillation to take it. So the menace of direct and indirect replacements is really high and the most of import point is there are no shift costs for the clients. Competitive Competition The market is extremely competitory. Most of Ryan air s cost advantages can be imitative instantly. In Europe it seems like there is an understanding between Ryan air and Easy jet about non to vie caput to caput. However if any company does make up ones mind to vie on the same footing as Ryan air it will be extremely critical for Ryan air. 3.2.2 Strategic Groups Strategic Groups have been defined by Finlay ( 2000 ) as groups of concern that are likely to react likewise to environment alterations and be likewise advantaged or disadvantaged by such alterations. Porter ( cited in John et al, 1997 ) , suggests that an industry can hold merely one strategic group if all houses followed basically the same scheme. At the other utmost each house could be a different strategic group. Strategic Group Map analysis below of the European Airline industry will bespeak that Ryan air has to vie with Aer Lingus and EasyJet really closely while British Air passages and other national bearers are in the part. Other smaller budget air hoses based across Europe such as FlyBE, German Wings and Hapag Lloyd Express besides pose competition in paths which they normally compete ( Small Masters, n.d. ) . This diagram besides shows how the Mega bearers compete within their strategic groups as opposed to the Mid-Sized bearers. Private Mega Carriers: American Airlines British Air passages Mid-Sized Carriers: FlyBE German Wingss Aer Lingus EasyJet Government-Owned Carriers: British Air passages Bulgaria Air Government No: of Finishs High Low Ownership 3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan air VRINE MODEL The top direction should be able to place the resources available in the administration soon in order to measure whether the resources available are sufficient plenty to implement the schemes. So the result of the Reconstruction depends on the resources available at that clip. VRIO of Ryan air Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization Ryan air values its high service public presentation. The air hose is known for its rigorous observation on promptness, high rate of flight completion, and low luggage loss. It purchased modernized fleet which leads to less expensive care with unvarying trade names used while high aircraft use strengthens its concern and fiscal sheet. The rareness of Ryan air is based chiefly on its strategic placement and direction operations. Its execution on low menus service and high degree of client service bringing made Ryan air strong and competitory compared to other houses in the same field. Other houses in the same industry barely find their ways in copying the same operations and strategic planning. Ryan air produced effectual planning and direction operations in which it leads others to copy. Not all of the touchable and intangible resources like package, fleet designs, substructure, organisational civilization, and knowledge direction can be imitated. Causal ambiguity, clip compaction di seconomies and way dependences are factors which affect the trouble of other houses to copy effectual programs of successful houses like Ryan air. Barney s Model for Ryan Air The top direction should be able to place the resources available in the administration soon in order to measure whether the resources available are sufficient plenty to implement the schemes. So the result of the Reconstruction depends on the resources available at that clip. Harmonizing to the Barney s theoretical account can analysis Easy Jet as Ryan air s rival. Easy jet has adequate resort. For an illustration they have big figure of air trade and their skytrax star rate degree is high, so easy jet is valuable. Easy jet is non rare because same scheme what easy jet presently utilizing is other rivals besides utilizing. Easy jet can easy to copy to another company because low menu and besides they have adequate replacements ( for an illustration Train, ship ) . Easy jet is competitory para. ( Refer Appendix 4 ) 3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain Analysis Ryan air strongly manages and signifiers relationships with different providers for an illustration. Boeing and nutrient, drinks etc, to do certain goods are received of demand criterions and on clip in order to add value through out its value concatenation. In order to add significant value for its service by supplying low cost and straight proctors relationships with airdromes around Europe, so they provide subsidies to the airliner in order for them to supply low cost and seen as adding grater value for clients. In order to cut down the cost and supply low cost to clients Ryan air contracts staff for aircraft handling, fining and luggage handling to 3rd parties at competitory rates every bit good as engine fixs and heavy cares of its aircrafts. Therefore reduces direct exposure to employee relationships and differences cut downing costs all through value concatenation. In order to add greater value for client, the aircraft staff e.g. pilot, cabin crew, they holds near relationships, giving the right preparation doing them to experience confident to reply on flight inquiries. The airliner has a committee placed for its aircraft crew linked with the gross revenues of responsibility paid goods. Therefore close direction with aircraft crew ensures good labours turnover cut downing the menace of staff being absent for flights, therefore seen as adding value for clients. ( Refer Appendix 5 ) 4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS The external organisational environment includes all elements bing outside the boundary of the organisation that have the possible to impact the organisation ( Daft, 1995 ) . The environment includes rivals, resources, engineering and economic conditions that influence the organisation. The external environment can be farther conceptualized as holding two beds by and large and task environments. The general environment is the outer bed that is widely dispersed and affects organisation indirectly. It includes societal, demographic and economic factors that influence Ryan air. The most of import portion refering in the undertaking environment which is closer to the organisations ; its includes the sectors that conduct twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours dealing with the organisation and straight act upon their basic operations and public presentation: providers, competition, clients and the labour market. ( Refer Appendix 3, 6 ) 5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS All organisations have strength and failing in its countries of concern. No organisation is every bit strong or weak in all countries ( David, 2005 ) . The procedure of internal environment analogues that of the external analysis. Resources come in many signifiers form common factor inputs to extremely differentiated resources that are developed over a adult male old ages and are really hard to retroflex ( Collins and Montgomery 1998 ) . Internal environment analysis involves a survey of civilization, construction and resources including engineering adapted by the inception. 5.1 Resources and capablenesss Ryan air s chief touchable resource is air trade. Their intangible resource includes things such as company s repute ( first budget air hose and low menu air hose ) , trade name name ( Ryan air ) , proficient cognition ( 100 per centum online ticket engagement ) , patent and hallmark. A competitory advantage is the set of factors and capablenesss that allow houses to systematically surpass their challengers. ( Refer Appendix 7 ) Tangible Resources Air trade Technical Promotion Equipements Competences Monetary value, Quality service, Reliability Competitive advantage of Ryan air Capabilities Low cost, High net income Intangible Resources Ryan air s Repute Brand name Low menu Technical cognition Figure 1: Resources based position if competitory advantage of Ryan air 6.0 SWOT ANALYSIS This analysis is an effectual manner of placing internal strengths and failings of Ryan air and of fact-finding chances and menaces of the external environment. ( Refer Appendix 8 ) Strengths Ryan air is the largest and most successful of Europe s low cost air hose. This fact is strongest merchandising point for Ryan air. Consequence of this low cost scheme, which increases clients and air hose, is spread outing quickly. Ryan air s web site was the largest travel web site in Europe. And the fifth most recognized trade name on Google. Harmonizing to the Ryan air one-year study 2006, Ryan air s accessory grosss ( include not flight agenda services ) had climbed by 36 per centum. Failings Ryan air is the least favourite air hose in the universe. Passengers who travel in Ryan air lose their baggages really frequently. Ryan air staffs are considered to be really unfriendly and there is common issue that the procedure ever delays. Ryan air was merely mid scope or below norm in its P/E multiple relation to equals like easy jet, whose portions had risen by 46 % during the twelvemonth. Ryan air has been criticized for many facets of its client service. Opportunities They have possible market portion. Because low cost air hose market portion non reached the peak degree. Ryan air has better chances to rule and catch up with the competition in the European air hose industry in footings of supplying more choice service. The uninterrupted enterprises of the company in variegation of its gross resources besides open new chances to do the concern become stronger to outgrow all its rival companies. Menaces Ryan air faced assorted challenges as it entered the 2nd half of financial 2007. The air hose itself predicted that its excess capacity edifice would make uncertainness about the success of new paths, locations and other troubles. These were excess selling and discounted menu costs incurred in establishing new paths, every bit good as overcapacity taking to monetary value film editing by challengers. 7.0 Decision By taking into consideration the above analysis, Jenoir direction adviser believe Ryan air has gained competitory advantage since there is a greater chance and strengths sing to the air line industry. Based on the External, Internal and Industry analysis, there are some major issues which were identified by Jenoir direction Consultant analysis squad in relation to Ryan air have failings and menaces. There are many countries which Ryan air should workout. Systematic, healthy and an organic organisation contribute much to the success of Ryan air. An organisation with clear aims and capable to pull everyone to work with these aims will take to its success. For air hoses, the hereafter will keep many challenges. Successful air hoses will be those that continue to undertake their costs and better their merchandises, thereby procuring a strong presence in the cardinal universe air power market. Therefore taking into consideration these damaging impacts to the entity Jenoir direction Consultant analysis squad formulated certain recommendations for Ryan air to execute the undertaking of a guideline in get the better ofing these failings and menaces, by consistently using these recommendations. Ryan air will be able to change over its current failings into chances and strengths in the hereafter. However risk direction in the strategic direction must be given an of import consideration in strategic direction program execution procedure. 8.0 RECOMMEDATION Based on External, Internal and Industry analysis, Jenoir direction advisers is recommended that Ryan air see the move their concern with low cost scheme in to international market, so Ryan air should has a elaborate program for this and be able to supply good client service to the clients like by holding discounted flights, publicity to maintain the competitory advantage at a stable manner within its rivals and besides will necessitate to concentrate more on the nucleus competition that will assist Ryan air to practically plan suited air hose operation within their market. There are some other recommendations for Ryan air, Ryan air, being the market leader in the budget air hose industry is executing really good as of now. But it does necessitate to take into history all the factors discussed supra. Ryan air besides has to do certain that even though Michael OLeary s tactics work today, they may backlash tomorrow. Ryan air should decelerate down on the aggressiveness of its strategic planning and execution so that it can avoid acquiring into problem with the authoritiess and stop up paying 1000000s. In order to retain its employees, actuate them and besides another agency of cutting costs, Ryan air can follow a similar scheme that of Jet Star s JEN ( Jet star Employee Network ) . This intranet package is both the edification and the functionality necessary to garner, portion and communicate cardinal corporate, HR and clip critical staffing information. Head of Corporate Relations, Simon West off says JEN delivers ongoing nest eggs of about $ 130,000 yearly ( Story, 2009, p.18 ) . 9.0 Mentions Collins, D.J. , Montgomery, C.A. ( 1998 ) , Competing on resources: scheme in the 1990s ( Volume 73 ) , Harvard Business Review Daft, Richard L. ( 1995 ) . Organizational Theory: Cases A ; Applications. ( 4th edition. ) : West Printing Company David, R.D. ( 2005 ) . Strategic direction: constructs and instances. ( tenth edition ) : Prentice Hall of India Find Article ( 2005 ) . EasyJet to come in Irish Market for first clip. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_2004_Nov_23/ai_n7074328/ ? tag=content ; col 1 Find Article ( 2009 ) . Company Watch Ryanair. Retrieved April 22, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6781/is_2009_August_24/ai_n42028112/ ? tag=rel.res1 Hodgson, N. ( 2009, November 20 ) . Ryanair set to catch EasyJet in JLA ranks. Daily Post Liverpool. RetrievedApril 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_8008/is_20091120/ai_n42256727/ Hubbard, G. Rice, J. A ; Beamish, P. ( 2005 ) . Strategic direction believing analysis action. ( 3rd edition ) . Pearson instruction Australia Lagadec, K. ( 2008 ) . Airbus and Boeing face a dark and painful hereafter. Post Carbon Institute. Retrieved April 20, 2010, fromhttp: //www.postcarbon.org/article/40546-airbus-and-boeing-face-a-dark/13913-energy The Airline Industry. ( n.d. ) . retrieved April 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/airlineindustry.html Viljoen, J. , A ; Dann, S. ( 3rd Ed. ) . ( 2003 ) . Strategic Management: Planning and implementing successful corporate schemes. NSW, Australia: Pearson Education Australia. 10.0 APPENDIX 10.1 Appendix 1 PESTLE ANALYSIS OF RYANAIR Political Environment National air hoses supported by certain states Europe brotherhood enlargement with new paths and new rivals. New European Union regulations and ordinances. Due to the authorities stableness touristry will be addition, which is good for Ryan air. New different revenue enhancement policy for different states. Economic Environment Menace of Ryan air is increasing fuel monetary value. Taxs and Interest rates Decrease of US dollars Increasing concern category traveling The menace of the replacements Rise of airdrome handling charges SOCIAL FACTORS Increasing Grey market, which is the trade of a trade good through distribution channels, which while legal, are unofficial, unauthorised, or unintended by the original maker. Populations growing does an ageing population impact them i.e. babe boomers, tonss of people in that life phase have more disposable income to pass Safety solutions Tendency Technological FACTORS Internet gross revenues and Increased cyberspace competitions High velocity trains Online cheque in Low fuel usage Legal FACTORS Privatizing of air hose industry Illegal subsidies from airdromes Competition Torahs in air power industry Allegations of false advertizement Rules and ordinances about Carbon emanation degree Environmental FACTORS Noise degree controls, Global warming,2.6 % of Carbon emanation in the EU, so this gas will consequence Green house 10.2 Appendix 2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air Factor Condition Demand Condition Firm scheme construction and Rivalry Related A ; back uping Industries Change Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Environmentally concerned. Entrants of other Low Cost Carriers Factor conditions Technological promotion. Demand conditions Demand is increasing for Low menus air travel. Related and back uping industries Car hire, Hotels, Travel insurance, Baggage tracing, Free metropolis ushers, Ticketing, Aircraft handling, Airport manager and other services 10.3 Appendix 3 Porter s Five Forces theoretical account Dickering power of Supplier Dickering power of Buyers Menace of New Entrants Menace of Substitutes Competitive Competition 10.4 Appendix 4 ( Beginning: VRIO theoretical account / Barney s theoretical account hypertext transfer protocol: //www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B0/B58/033MB58.html ) Competitive Deductions from Recourses ( Easy jet as Ryan air s rival ) Valuable Rare Difficult to Imitate Without replacements Competitive Deduction Yes No No No Competitive para 10.5 Appendix 5 Value Chain Analysis of Ryan Air Firm Infrastructure ( Head Quarters ) Technology Development ( Internet, Integrate system, Low tech selling, Internet gross revenues ) Human Resource Management ( In house, Low cost preparation, Management control, Limited crew, public presentation contracts ) Procurement ( Boeing price reduction, Alliances, Low cost, out beginnings A ; private ) Inbound Logistic ( Quality preparation, Low cost provider, Airport understanding ) Operation ( No frill, low cost ) Outbound Logistic ( Reliable service, speedy turn around ) Selling and Gross saless ( Free promotion, Low cost, publicities, Internet gross revenues ) Servicess ( High productiveness, Limited resourses ) 10.6 Appendix 6 Location of the organisation general undertaking and internal environments Technological CUSTOMERRS Undertaking Env Internal Environment Socio cultural LABOUR Market Employees Culture International Rival Management Suppliers Legal/ Political Economic It can be noted that SUPPLIERS forms an built-in portion of undertaking environment and the function of importance of providers of constituents. 10.7 Appendix 7 Resources There are two sorts of resources, touchable and intangible which can farther be categorized into fiscal, human, physical and rational capital. Physical Resources which Ryan air possesses is 196 Boeing aircrafts. Huge sum of money was being spent for the aircraft care and they need to maintain the resources proper and running to do certain that these will non harm their low cost construction. They besides have the youngest fleet in the whole of Europe with a extremely fuel efficient capacity. Fiscal Resources Ryan air is the highest net income devising low cost structured air hose. Harmonizing to OHiggins ( 2007 ) , Ryan air s net incomes have been increasing 8.5 % on norm per twelvemonth. It besides goes onto say that in its Annual General Meeting in 2006 ; the air hose had delivered 12 % addition in net net incomes despite a 74 % addition in fuel cost. Human Resources Initially Ryan air started with merely 25 employees and had 3500 people by the twelvemonth 2006 and all of them are entrenched with a cost film editing attack. Ryan air employees a really much dedicated as Ryan air pays its employees good. In its 2006 one-year study it claimed to hold the highest wage figures than any other major European air hose. Besides by orienting rolls, the bearer maximized productiveness and clip off for crew members. The biggest HR advantage Ryanair has is Michael OLeary. Intellectual Capital The highest per centum of pie of ELFA is still being showed by Ryanair and because of its tremendous experience of its senior direction squad in the same industry. Michael OLeary joined as a Director in 1988 and was appointed CEO in January 1994. Captain Ray Conway was appointed Chief Pilot in June 2002 holding joined Ryanair in 1987. He has worked in Irish Air Corps for 14 old ages taking attention of Training and Transport Squadron.

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example As the financial statements are the representation of management, it becomes very important to maintain the reliability and authenticity of these statements in order to avoid fraudulent activities in their preparation. The auditors have the responsibility of expressing their views related to the maintenance of fairness by the management. They are authorized with the responsibility of assessing the financial statements for testing the fairness and transparency of the information available in those statements. They collect evidences for assuring the fact that figures which are mentioned in the information does not involve material misstatement. The credibility of the financial statements is increased through the audit process conducted by the auditors. The report provided by the auditors has high influence on the decision making of bankers, creditors, investors or other stakeholders. Issues affecting the credibility of auditors and increasing the need of their rotation The present econ omy is struggling to recover from the turbulent period that is filled with various corporate scandals and also lacks investor confidence. Nowadays, greater emphasis is laid on the improvement of transparency, credibility, accountability and trust related to the information available in the financial statements. ... The major question which arises is that whether these types of activities affect the real performance of the auditors. In reality, it actually affects the auditor’s performances and reduces the accuracy or authenticity of the information available in their reports (Cooper and Neu, 2006). The auditors change the figures in the financial statements for earning high incentives. This has turned out to be one of the most highlighted issues that require immediate attention. Real evidences of material misstatements increasing the need of rotation of the auditors 1. In 2003, HealthSouth Corporation was accused by SEC for violating the civil law (Turner and The Staff of Vault, 2005). According to SEC, the chairman of the company Mr. Richard M. Scrushy has inflated the actual earnings of the company by an amount of $1.4 billion by 1999. SEC states that this fraudulent activity has been done in order to satisfy Wall Street’s demands and expectations. HealthSouth Corporation has ma nipulated the actual figures in the financial statement for satisfying its stakeholders by hiding the real performance. Scrushy along with Don Siegleman (the previous Alabama Governor) have been accused for a series of activities, such as racketeering, bribery, laundering and various other illegal activities. There were other executives involved in the criminal activity of displaying fake company earnings in the financial statement in order to increase its reputation. SEC has reported after detailed analysis that the real earnings of HealthSouth Corporation fell short of Wall Street analyst’s expectations. Thus, the ultimate solution found by Scrushy and his team was fixing the difference amount by overstating the profit figure. Frieswick (2003) argued that there were

Literature and theory report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Literature and theory report - Essay Example mong economists with one school of thought arguing that the government expenditure is a problem to the economy while the other thinking is that it is a solution to economic betterment. Further notes that European Union has not adopted strict approach of fiscal obligation, taxation reduction and economic freedom.2 Furth is concerned with data on deficits, expenditure, taxation and growth in relation to the fiscal policy stand of thirty-seven European countries. His research revealed that structural deficits would predict stimulus followed by reduction on deficit, and he documented a variability of fiscal policies that many economies have pursued in paradox to a number of prevalent generalizations of European austerity.3 He notes that increasing taxes would be far more harmful than expenditure cuts,4 and the effect of tax increment have a huge difference, and they cannot be together labelled as austerity as they would conceal more than there is in the revelation of fiscal policy.5 Furth research has shown the relationship that exists between increased government expenditure and economic progress. Other economists had focused on government debt and its effect to the economy. It had been noted that government debt hurt the economy by burdening not only the current generation but also the future generation.6 Due to high debt the current generation is forced to pay for the interest of the loan advanced to the country for which benefit will be consumed by future generation. Moreover, the future generation will carry on the burden and mistake of their predecessors because the rate of interest will be much higher that the benefit of which it was taken. Furth’s research presents another angle to fiscal policy approach that the government can utilize without resulting to changing the taxation system. It reveals that there has been a considerate role of the government inability to set up good fiscal policies. Governments have concerned themselves in increasing t axes in

Studio Art Essay Example for Free

Studio Art Essay Graffiti originated in New York in the late 1970s. It started off with locals writing their names on walls and subway train just for fame. Before and after that though there were other types of graffiti such as political statements. Graffiti these days is mostly tagging which is the act of marking a surface with a quick scrawl, stencils are common in the city and large aerosol pieces are usually found alongside train lines. The main issue dealing with graffiti these days is how to prevent it. At the same time there are parties that argue we need graffiti and it is an important form of art. Most people trying to prevent graffiti are usually only against the art being produced illegally, that is on private property without permission of the owner. The main argument against graffiti is that it is mainly tagging and it has no brains behind it all. None of it has any meaning. It is so called art that is only for the hip-hop community. The tags make everything look disgusting because it is messy and unreadable. It gives the impression that the councils do not care. It costs around $200,000 a year to remove from walls and public transport, this money could be better spent. Graffiti is a crime and attracts more crime and gangs. Owners that have had their property vandilised by graffiti artists would want to move some where else. Graffiti on shop windows is bad business. There have been a range of ideas presented to support graffiti in a good way and prevent it from occurring illegally. Ideas already in practice are ? Designating high tolerance zones in lanes in Melbourne CBD (Central Business District), such as Hosier Lane. The purpose of high tolerance zones is to keep graffiti on the streets and not remove it. Artists will be attracted to use the lane to exhibit their art instead of commercial and public buildings. ?Legal murals have been encouraged by councils. This aims keep people interested in the graffiti style of art but on a legal level. ?Exhibitions are held frequently at places such as Kent Street Cafes Early Space and the Meatmarket that show graffiti related art work and art done by present and former graffiti artist. Artwork on exhibition is hardly ever tagging, but other forms of graffiti such a stencils, stickers, posters and aerosol pieces. This is aiming to move graffiti art from a street level to a professional level that can be used in the art industry. Councils aim to remove fresh graffiti from public transport within 24 hours. This aims to lower vandals moral and send the message that what they do will not stay so there is no point in doing it. Debates on whether or not graffiti is an actual art and what to do to prevent arise in newspapers. In articles such as Graffiti Crimes from The Age (Melbourne) magazine and Graffiti Plan Ridiculous from the MX paper the writers have very aggressive and unfriendly tones. In Graffiti Plan Ridiculous the writer is actually attacking a writer of a previous letter that suggested everyone entering the CBD must show ID and proof of address. The idea goes with out saying that is ridiculous. There was really no need to lunch an attack just for suggesting it. This shows that tempers are wearing thin on the issue and it is creating a lot of hostility. The article A Display Of Culture by Renae Payne shows the contention of graffiti artists that consider the art as an important part of youth and hip-hop culture. All the artists are in favor of getting legal support from councils. PERSONAL OPINION ? James Borg I think that graffiti is an art, always has been and always will be. The same can be argued about Marcel Duchamps Urinal as it is not a traditional form of art and can be seen as an insult. If a urinal or scribble on a wall can be art then any thing can be art. Something becomes art when it is taken out of context. In the case of graffiti, in all its forms, text and images that are made to be contained on paper and private places are put onto public surfaces. Just because I think graffiti is a form of art does not mean it is not ugly. I think some art in galleries can be very ugly, just because I dont like the look of it doesnt mean everyone does not like it. I have very high expectations of graffiti art. The placement of graffiti art is crucial. The high-tolerance zones are a good idea because all the good art is concentrated in one spot, any one can add their own work to it and no one gets in trouble. Legal murals everywhere are the best because the graffiti does not have to be secluded to a small lane and it encourages more legal murals. Legal murals hardly get vandalised. Illegal graffiti in certain areas definitely destroys the area in a lot of ways. If a wall gets crowded with graffiti it will attract more graffiti, some times of much lower quality. Some times better artists will add their work. Either way the public do not want to see it. I can not say I would like or not. If it were just tags I wouldnt, depends on what it looks like. Fences that run parallel with train lines are constantly being graffitied. Artists want their work on these walls because people hundreds of people catch the train everyday and see their work. If these walls were legalised the amount of illegal graffiti would probably be reduced by more than half. There are a lot of already legal walls on the train line and most of the time artists ask the owner if their wall can be painted. This should be encouraged. I like the whole style of the graffiti pieces and the elements used. I am not concerned about trying to get illegal graffiti recognised as a professional art form in the industry. Graffiti was meant to be illegal, thats the whole point of it. Illegal work will never be appreciated totally by critics because there are too many negatives. Art works in galleries that are based on graffiti might look good but technically it is not graffiti. I will support it as long as it stays creative. I have pretty much grown out of liking graffiti anyway because it is all the same really. I realised that it does more harm than good and it has lost its meaning, even though it started off putting a name up for fame. Stencil art is good but a lot of it lacks skill and originality. The only way illegal graffiti artists will get properly recognised is by doing legal work.

Fighting More Than the Blues: A Look into Depressive Disorders Essay

Fighting More Than the Blues: A Look into Depressive Disorders This paper will focus on depressive disorders, and it will describe what they are, how they manifest themselves, what causes them and/or what makes certain individuals susceptible to the disorder as compared to others. This piece will also describe the most common treatment practices, and the effectiveness of these treatments. It will conclude by offering some testimonials from individuals who suffer from depressive disorders as well as some additional commentary about depressive disorders and their implications/challenges. What is depression? A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts. It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. A depressive disorder is exactly that—a disorder; therefore, people with a depressive illness cannot will themselves to get better they can't just pull themselves together. A depressive disorder requires treatment. (1) ("Depression 1) Are there different types of depressive disorders? Depressive disorders take on different forms. There are three common types of depressive disorders. They are major depression, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder. Major depression is characterized by a combination of symptoms that interfere with an individual's ability to work, study, sleep, and eat. Symptoms include but are not limited to the following: persistent sad, anxious, or empty mood, feelings of hopelessness, feelings of guilt, helplessness, worthlessness, decreased energy, fatigue, appetite and/or weight loss, or overeating and weight gain, ... .... 2003. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/depression.cfm 2) Depression: An Overview, Continuing Medical Education. 26 Oct. 2003. http://www.mhsource.com/depression/overview.html 3) Dealing with the Depths of Depression, Nordenberg, Liora. "Dealing with the Depths of Depression." HealingWell.com. 26 Oct. 2003, pp 3-4. http://www.healingwell.com/library/depression/nordenberg1.asp 4) Dealing with the Depths of Depression , Nordenberg, Liora. "Dealing with the Depths of Depression." HealingWell.com. 26 Oct. 2003, pp 4-6. http://www.healingwell.com/library/depression/nordenberg1.asp 5) Depression. National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/depression.cfm 6) Melancholy Nation , Schrof, Joannie M, and Stacey Schultz. "Melancholy Nation." U.S. News & World Report Archive. http://www.newjerusalem.com/archive-report.html

Family Violence Essay

Family violence is not a new phenomenon, as it has essentially existed since the beginning of time. Only in modern times, however have societies begun to recognize violence and family members as a social problem (Barnett, Miller-Perrin & Perrin, 2005). For many years, the social problem of family violence had not only been heavily ignored, but for a number of years, had not been fully understood. For example, family violence takes many forms and has a number of different names. Family violence, also known as domestic violence, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence (IPV), is defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation (Barnett et al., 2005). Moreover, family violence includes but is not limited to physical abuse such as kicking and punching, but also includes sexual and emotional abuse. Emotional abuse includes controlling or domineering; intimi dation; stalking; passive/covert abuse (neglect) and economic deprivation and in many cases is more severe than physical abuse. The changing visibility of family violence is the leading indicator of the necessity of an historical approach to understanding it (Gordon, 2002). Over the past few years, the general public in the US has become familiar with family violence through news coverage of highly publicizes cases, TV programs and movies. At the same time, researchers have made great strides in recognizing the scope of family violence and the context in which it occurs (Barnett et al., 2005). As sociologists know of it today, family violence is politically, historically and socially constructed (Gordon, 2002). In terms of power relations and functionalism, family violence arises out of power struggles in which members of the family are contesting for resources and benefits (Gordon, 2002). Furthermore, these contests arise from both personal aspirations and change social norms and conditions (Gordon, 2002). It is therefore important to know that family violence cannot be understood outside the context of the overall politics of the family. Historical developments that continue to influence family violence include prominent changes in the situation of women and children (Gordon, 2002). It is imperative therefore for a historical analysis of family violence to include a view of the changing power relations among classes, sexes, and generations (Gordon, 2002). Political attitudes have also affected research â€Å"findings† about family violence. Both psychological and sociological interpretations in the debate often ignore the gender politics of family violence issues, and the gender implications of policy recommendations, not only when women or girls were the victims, but also when women were the abusers (Gordon, 2002). Over the past 80 years, four major types of family violence have be studied and examined; child abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse of children and wife beating. In later years, there have been other forms of family violence, which include sibling abuse (which is the most common form of family violence), and elder abuse (Gordon, 2002). Family violence has had many different faces historically, and has been classified in five different stages with different focuses periodically. The first was the 19th century and child saving era, which was from 1876-1910. During this era, there was anti-cruelty to children movement that was influenced by the temperance movement. Emphasis on the cruelty done to kids was placed on the immigrant poor and never the respectable classes (Gordon, 2002). The progressive era was followed by a child saving era which lasted from 1910 -1930 which lead to an emphasis on child neglect. During this era, there was a decrease emphasis on alcohol and identified other forms of stress such as poverty, unemployment and illness (Gordon, 2002). The depressed followed the progressive era where there was an increased defense for the conventional nuclear family. During the World War world war 2 era and the 1950’s child neglect was increasingly seen as emotional neglect and the 1960s and 70s was a period of increased medicalization of family violence which, as sociologists have identified can have extremely negative affects (Gordon, 2002). A lot of attention to family violence began to gain increasing importance during the time of the women’s movement in the 1970s as a concern about wives being beaten by their husbands. Interestingly enough, there was a rise in what some call â€Å"the men’s movement† as response to the problem of domestic violence against men, which is largely omitted in the feminist theory (Barnett et al., 2005). Some flaws in the feminist approach to family violence (as well as others that will be further discussed in the paper), is that it has reduced domestic violence, especially against men as their likelihood of being killed by a female intimate partner has decreased six-fold (Barnett et al. , 2005). OVERVIEW OF SEMINAR READINGS: WEEK 2 Symbolic interactionism is a perspective which seeks to understand how people interact with others (Ingoldsby, Smith & Miller, 2004a). The theory claims that people interact with one another by interpreting each other’s actions (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Their response is based on the meanings that they attach to such actions (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Thus, human interaction is largely mediated by the use of symbols (Karp & Yoels, 1993). Authors Karp & Yoels (1993) discuss notions of the generalized other and looking-glass self as examples of symbols with which we interact. In one instance, the self emerges from common expectations that others have about social norms within a particular society (Karp & Yoels, 1993). But in another instance, people will self-evaluate themselves against the perceived judgments of others and act accordingly (Karp & Yoels, 1993). The emphasis on symbols brings attention to the roles people play. Role-playing is a key mechanism that allows people to see another person’s perspective to understand what an action might mean (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). In sum, no situation is static but rather contextual (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Individuals then through their own behavior and interaction with others, construct their individual social realities (Karp & Yoels, 1993; Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Situating family violence within a framework of symbolic interactionism is important in that it provides a context within which people develop their personal interpretations of events. Therefore to understand family violence requires knowledge of the processes through which such interpretations emerge. Rosen (1996) and Mullaney (2007) illustrate ways in which interpretations of the self are at the core of domestic violence. Their findings are essential for understanding how family violence continues over time. Findings also help to account for the formation and preservation of culture and social roles in society. In one respect, interpretations of the self are mediated through two primary orientations of communication: processes of seduction an d processes of entrapment (Rosen, 1996). This first is characterized by forces that tend to draw women into their relationships (romantic fantasies and romantic fusion) and the second by forces that keep them there: survival tactics, cognitive dissonance, roller coaster relationships, traumatic bonding, Romeo and Juliet effects, and peer-family collusion (Rosen, 1996). For example, within the framework of symbolic interactionism, processes of seduction can be loosely defined as a dependent emotional state (Rosen, 1996). Individuals then, connect with partners because they internalize similar understandings of weakness and dependency to communicate feelings of love (Rosen, 1996). The interplay of such communication patterns facilitates an environment of spousal abuse that is likely to continue so long as interaction is repetitive (Rosen, 1996). Processes of entrapment on the other hand, can be argued to demonstrate the externalization of the communication patterns found in processes of seduction. Once meanings of dependency and weakness have been internalized as being both legitimate and appropriate within the context of one’s relationship, these women rationalize such behavior as the norm and thus stay. Survival tactics for example illustrate these efforts, by which women actively engage towards relationship management of an abusive relationship, otherwise internalized as an acceptable social norm. In contrast, Mullaney (2007) identifies low self-esteem as a correlate of men’s violent behavior. Domestic violence then, is a reaction to the attacks or perceived attacks on men’s self-concept (Mullaney, 2007). Mullaney (2007) argues that men will most often justify, yet also minimize, excuse, or blame and offer no apology on account for their violence towards women. These categories serve as scripts through which perceptions of masculinity are restored (Mullaney, 2007). If threatened, masculinity evolves accordingly as men interpret the actions of those around them. For example, women’s irrational spending habits may undermine men’s role as financial provider (Mullaney, 2007). Men would argue that such habits do not align functionally with women’s domestic and social roles (Mullaney, 2007). By doing so, men’s responses are based on the meanings which they attach to such actions and reflect cultural expectations of gender difference. This is problematic because it helps promote and develop stereotypically gendered selves (Mullaney, 2007). Symbolic interactionism then, becomes useful in demonstrating how dominant ideologies of gender are enacted within the interactions of marital relationships, and lend to domestic violence in the process. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Feminist Theory The root of feminist theory begins with the inclusion of gender and power. Feminists argue that the distinctions between males and females are not inherent or functional; rather they are socially constructed to create and maintain male power in society and thus the family (Yllo, 1993). This sense of patriarchy reinforces traditional social roles and the relationship between the division of power and gender. The feminist perspective suggests that men use violence to retain their dominance or sense of control within the institution of the family. Thus, the feminist paradigm believes that domestic violence is utilized as another means of the social control of women, and takes roots at a personal, institutional, symbolic and material level. The application of a feminist lens to Rosen’s (1996) article allows for a very different approach to the processes of abduction and entrapment. The feminist perspective would likely explain that the forces drawing women into abusive relationshi ps were largely due to the social expectations of femininity and masculinity. The concept of romantic fantasies can be explored through gender identities. Here society portrays the male as being a strong, aggressive, independent individual and the female as a weak, docile individual that is largely dependant on their partner. For instance, the fantasy of Cinderella eludes that a man can protect a woman and save her from her problems. Feminists would suggest that women fall victim to these relationships due to the inequalities portrayed by traditional gender norms. Feminist theorists would likely explain the concept of romantic fusion as being due to the extremely controlling nature of husbands within a patriarchal marriage. This type of relationship is defined as Patriarchal Terrorism (Johnson, 1995). Here, the woman in the relationship would be forced to part with her individual characteristics and become completely devoted to her husband (Johnson, 1995). Furthermore, the husband may further restrict the identity of the woman by refusing to allow her to go to work or maintain friends outside of the actual relationship. The feminist lens would offer a slightly different interpretation of the processes that restrict women from escaping abusive relationships. Though women may still use coping mechanisms and adhere to other social forces, outlined by symbolic interactionaists, feminist theory suggests two main reasons why they stay in violent relationships. The first reason women stay in abusive relationships is fro the sake of their children (Emery, 2009). In cases such as these women will stay with the intent of maintaining some stability for their kids by trying keeping the family in tact. The other reasons women may stay are due to the normalization of gender norms in society. Feminist theory sees the root causes of intimate partner violence as a causation of living in a society that excuses aggressive male behaviours (Yllo, 1993). In other words, because these behaviours are so normative, some women may excuse the behavior and treat it as the norm. What is perceived as the norm also varies across culture. Even today, many cultures adhere to traditional hegemonic norms and strongly believe women should be completely subservient to their husbands. In cases such as this, abuse may be next to impossible to escape. The application of the feminist perspective to Mullaney’s (2007) article would allow for a similar analysis of the attitudes of men and their reasons for rationalizing their abusive behaviours. Mullaney (2007) suggests that men will often become violent due to low self-esteem and a perceived attack on their self-concept. The feminist lens would suggest that men become violent due to the inequalities in society that allow men an advantage position and with that gendered norms. Traditional hegemonic masculine norms suggest that men should be leaders that are strong, in control and tough. This is what the men in the study were trying to demonstrate. Whenever, they felt that their sense of masculinity was being challenged they would lash out in an attempt to regain control. The Control Model of Domestic Violence further provides a precise framework in displaying the interconnectedness between violence and other forms of coercive control. Simply put, the feminist theory suggests th at men use violence as a tactic of controlling their abused wives from participating in actions they have not sanctioned. Family Systems Theory The Family Systems theory provides a very unique, holistic perspective on the topic of violence in the family. This perspective describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. Sociologist Ernest Burgess, best summarized this perspective when he stated that the family is more then just a definition; it is a living, super personality that has its essence in the interaction of its members (Ingoldsby, Smith & Miller, 2004b). Each member of the family plays a very important role in the overall functioning of the unit. When applied to the topic of violence in the institution of the family, this paradigm focuses on the family dynamics that contribute to domestic abuse. Subsequently less attention is focused on the individual perpetrating the violence and more attention is paid to the environment surrounding the violence and the role each character in the family plays. The Family Systems perspective offers a diverse interpretation of Rosen’s (1996) article on the processe s of abduction and entrapment. Family Systems Theorists differ with respect to how they feel that women are drawn into abusive relationships. This perspective identifies the connection between family goals, rules and control, and how together one can fully understand the development and causation of domestic abuse (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). For example in the article by Rosen (1996), it can be seen that by using family systems theory and studying familial interactions that certain females may be predisposed to the Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast paradigms. By looking at how their families’ function, one may be able to see the recycling effect due to unresolved or violent backgrounds these victimized individuals may come from. They may fall into a similar pattern from what they know at home, thereby examining the origins of this behavior and viewing the interconnectedness of how one internalizes family rules and ideas of control. Family System’s Theory offers a unique interpretation as to the role women play in becoming stuck in abusive relationships. In the stages preceding marriage, women will often date their partner, while simultaneously leading separate lives which consist of separate relations. As the commitment in a relationship increases, a couple begins to modify their individual social lives. In these types of situations, both men and women will often make more time for one another. This allows for the woman to feel appreciated and loved. As the relationship continues to progress, incidents of sexual jealously among men will often become a major source of conflict. This sense of possessiveness will ultimately cause the female to begin severing ties with male friends, and become increasingly committed to her future husband (Dobash & Dobash, 1993). Once married, dramatic changes occur and the extreme constriction of the wives social life takes place. With the introduction of children, comes the solidification of traditional gendered norms. Wives become extremely restricted and are left responsible for domestic work, such as the operation of the home (Dobash & Dobash, 1993). This may cause women to become increasingly dependant on their husbands. Subsequently, when sources of conflict occur, such as sexual jealousy, disputes over domestic duties or the expenditure of money, women may feel that they have no mobility and are stick in their current situation. Lastly, Family Systems Theory offers a holistic approach to the factors found in Mullaney’s (2007) article that cause men abuse their partners. Like Feminists, Family Systems theorists also believe that a very important aspect of traditional hegemonic masculinity is the element of control. However, unlike the feminist theory this approach attempts to understand what causes men to lose control. One explanation is that violent men often feel as if they may lose control, if they express their emotions, and thus hold it in. This in turn, causes violent men to generally be less emotionally reactive to stress on a day-to-day basis, then non-violent men (Umberson, Anderson, Williams, & Chen, 2003). Though in the short term, repression may be a successful coping strategy for reducing stress and anxiety, it causes the individual increased predicaments in the long run. Repression turns a violent man into a ticking-time bomb, one that is ready to explode in a violent manner. As a result, unlike feminist theories or social interactionism, family systems theory attempts to understand violence in the family by examining every interdependent part of the family. This includes the part both the victims and the offenders play, as well as the role everyday stresses and ones immediate environment have in contributing to family violence. Social Constructionism The methodological approach of Social Constructionism somewhat contrasts the assumptions of other theoretical perspectives that explore the issue of family violence. This paradigm suggests that the emergence of social problems is heavily due to how society, or more specifically institutions within society such as the mainstream media, portrays the issue at hand. Furthermore, social constructionists are often referred to as claims-makers, in that they present a claim that attempts to define the problem at hand. These claims can be heavily influenced by the agenda of the claims-maker, and will clearly identify the roles of the characters within the construct of the event. For instance, social constructionist’s will identify the perpetrator of the violence as the villain and the abused partner as the victim. The analysis of Rosen’s article surrounding the processes involved with seduction and entrapment, using a constructionist lens, provides a different interpretation to the ways women become bound to abusive relations. This perspective focuses on the subjective definitions that cause social problems and look to frame the phenomena of family violence as a social problem (Loseke, 2005). For instance, symbolic interactionism maintains that some abused women are bound to relationships by the process of cognitive dissonance. In cases such as this, women create discrepancies between what they believe the violence in the relationship signifies and what is actually happening. Constructionists on the other hand will focus very little time into how women construct the violent situations. Instead this perspective theorizes that these women have fallen victims to the violent, controlling nature of their abusive, villainous male partners (Loseke, 2005). The media or other primary claims-makers would further emphasis on violent verbal claims, visual images and specific behaviours. The reason of this is to evoke the emotions of society in order to persuade society that a troubled condition exists. The application of a constructions lens to Mullaney’s article on the reasons and types of rationalizations men provide for spousal abuse would allow theorists a better understanding of the ways victims and villains perceive family violence. The social constructionist lens suggests that men create their own social reality. This reality allows men to rationalize their behaviours. For example, in Mullaney’s (2007) article men would often minimize, justify or even deny abusive behaviours. These men will often excuse their behaviours by blaming social or external factors, such as alcohol abuse and the structural problems associated with poverty. These claims are sometimes able to persuade audiences and have allowed for some villains to be rehabilitated through the medicalization of their deviance. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic Interactionism is a key tool to examine domestic violence and its various intricacies. In essence, SI theory attempts to look at domestic violence from the viewpoint of individuals and their interactions with other people. This theory explains that individuals are engulfed in a symbolized environment, where the meanings for these symbols are altered within the course of interaction with other people (Karp & Yoels, 1993). For example, in the article â€Å"The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships: Processes of seduction and entrapment†, SI is exemplified in the notion of cognitive dissonance. If a man were to slap his wife, while she may see this as an expression or symbol of love, many other people would see this as abuse. Therefore, the difference and meanings of symbols is very fluid, changing and subjective. Furthermore, SI theory is extremely effective in allowing researchers to understand and describe the individuals and their behaviors. It allows an understanding of how conflicts and complex behavioral patterns may arise in relationships, and how the interpretations of symbols may play a role in domestic disputes. This theory is quite effective in predicting future behavior (SI theory is advantageous to use as it grows and adapts to changes within society) and the roles they may play in the relationship either as a perpetrator or a victim, and the context in which these roles are played (Karp & Yoels, 1993). Rosen (1996) explains and clumps together several types of entrapment processes, such as placation or isolation, which predicts why and how females are coerced to remain in that sort of relationship. In addition, this theory does lack certain key elements in understanding domestic violence in its entirety. Due to the quite narrow scope of analysis, it is not very useful in understanding more macro levels of interactions such as groups or family systems. Another disadvantage is that it is quite difficult to apply the theory to other cultures, as its findings and hypotheses are based on a singular cultural atmosphere. Since monotony across cultures does not exist, a grand, overarching theory of domestic violence cannot be established, thereby making international or cross-cultural comparisons quite trying. Feminism Domestic violence as viewed through the feminist perspective focuses on the relationship between gender and the division of power in the familial framework (Yllo, 1993). This framework allows domestic abuse to be viewed in a way that is quite distinct from other theories. Feminist theory reveals that the social expectations regarding masculinity and femininity give relationships their shape, which may result in violent and abusive familial relations (Yllo, 1993). Feminist theory allows for the recognition of the effects of patriarchy in an abusive relationship, which is normally neglected in other theories. For instance, the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) looks at the violence in families, however it neglects several other aspects that could contribute to violence. CTS assumes that males and females are both equally violent in domestic relationships however, feminists note that CTS fails to account for the social expectations (Yllo, 1993). The social expectations of the division of power between a male and female within a relationship can give rise to the abuse and therefore, it cannot be assumed that males and females are equally violent and there are statistical measures that portray a gendered view. For example in the reading, â€Å"Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: two forms of violence against women† it can be seen that feminism denotes a difference in the types of violence that occur in domestic partnerships and further differentiates between common couple violence and patriarchal terrorism. This article notes that while CTS looks only at a limited number of control tactics, feminism can shed light to several other controlling methods. While, one can see that feminist theory brings up key defining points that are commonly overlooked, it does remain flawed in many respects. Feminist theory is difficult to apply to forms of domestic violence except for spousal abuse; specifically it only examines the abuse directed towards women. It automatically victimizes the female, and thereby situates the male in role of the villain. Another disadvantage of using solely feminist theory is that same-sex relationships are also not taken into account in their analyses, since it is assumed in feminist analysis that males are the perpetrators and use violence in the relationship to control women. For instance in the article, â€Å"The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships: Processes of seduction and entrapment†, the analyses are based on the observation of heterosexual relationships. It did not look at how and if these processes of entrapment are applicable to homosexual relationships, for instance, do the Cinderella or Beauty and the Beast paradigm still adequately explain why homosexuals remain in violent relationships. It can be seen that there is a victim/perpetrator structure of the violent relationship, however it cannot be concluded that the processes that entrap victims in violent relationship are similar for same-sex couples. Family Systems Theory Family systems theory is a more holistic approach to understanding abuse within the family and further looks into how everyone within this framework is interconnected. Therefore, it explains how the individual affects the family system and vice versa. Through this analysis, one key contribution of this theory is that it paves the way of identifying the connection between family goals, rules and control, and how together one can fully understand the development and causation of domestic abuse (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). For example in the article by Rosen (1996), it can be seen that by using family systems theory and studying familial interactions, certain females may be predisposed to the Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast paradigms. By looking at how their families’ function, one may be able to see the recycling effect due to unresolved or violent backgrounds these victimized individuals may come from. They may fall into a similar pattern from what they know at home, thereby examining the origins of this behavior and viewing the interconnectedness of how one internalizes family rules and ideas of control. In the article, â€Å"Stay for the Children? Husband Violence, Marital Stability, and Children’s Behavior Problems† it clearly articulates that the violent behavior is internalized or externalized by children by prolonged exposure of violent behavior. The cyclical pattern of violence is foreseeable in these sorts of family arrangements, thereby being consistent with the idea that the system of family and the individuals within it are affected by each other on a constant basis. Family Systems theory also helps identify the different sorts of family structures in terms of their communicational boundaries and also allows the recognition of the various outcomes for a particular situation (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). Understanding that there are multiple outcomes for a given situation sets a more encompassing investigation and limits the likelihood of leaving something out or missing a key-contributing factor. It also allows a point of differentiation, and assumes that not all people react the same when the situation arises. This is important as it further provides the researcher with a defining and narrowing point as to which sort of family has a higher likelihood for domestic violence to occur and persist. Some of the downfalls of using family systems theory are that it is often criticized that it is too general and therefore, its application remains vague. The vagueness stretches from the assumption that systems theory is not a true theory rather it is a model that is more methodological than theoretical. Social Constructionism Social constructionist theory is a popular theory used to examine the roles played in an abusive relationship. An advantage of constructionist theory is that it clearly identifies the victim and the villain within the construct of the particular event (Loseke, 2005). Claims-makers are portrayed as practical actors constructing successful claims that reflect existing culture, and producing new culture of various social problems, specifically family violence. Social constructionism also allows domestic violence issues to be raised to the forefront and become more public, through the media. Through its application and explanations, this theory can be used to show how knowledge is socially constructed and how that knowledge reflects power and politics in family violence situations. Furthermore, it can give shape to other forms of domestic violence through counter claims making, such as husband abuse. Unlike other theories, constructionism is quite useful in examining other types of abuse and not singularly looking at wife abuse like feminism (Loseke, 2005). Constructionism allows for the understanding of child or elder abuse in the household. This theory also helps understand how people construct realities that keep them in abusive relationships, and how the relationship may be viewed differently to other people. In the article by Mullaney (2007), the construction of the men’s reality of the situation may differ from what abuse has occurred to the wife. The husband may reframe the abuse as â€Å"non-violent† or suggest that in that instance of abuse that it was not the â€Å"real him† that was carrying out the abuse. The disadvantages of using social constructionist theory are that due to the fact that individual events are a crucial component to the analysis, its subjectivity allows much room for debate. This makes it difficult to develop a theory that can encompass all the social realities and have it apply to all domestic violence cases cross-culturally. While looking at the article â€Å"Creating clients: Social problems work in a shelter for battered women,† it can be seen that shelters create an ideal client that one must fit in order to be allowed to be in the shelter. Creating this sort of criteria leaves out many other people who typically do not fit the stereotype or do not meet the conditions set out by the providers even though they are in need of assistance. Using this theory, it seems as though society has constructed an â€Å"ideal† victim and those who do not appear to fit this idealistic view of a victim are often rejected despite their need for immediate attention. Social constructionism therefore does not grant that everyone experiencing violence will be offered assistance, as this is based on the shelter’s perception of what a victim should look like. Family violence is a very serious social problem, and while social critics focus on how to achieve social change in this regard, social constructionists work to achieve new knowledge. Thus, social constructionism does not only pose a potentially dangerous approach to understanding and treatment of family violence, but it also does not examine objective conditions in their own right and seek to solve this social problem; essentially there are â€Å"no real truths† due to the subjectivity of the theory. REFLECTION Although much research and knowledge has been gathered in the field of family violence, there are ways in which this research must progress. Theoretically, family systems theory, symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, and feminist perspectives each have advantages in their application. As previously discussed, they each additionally have faults that hinder the study of family violence. We propose that a new theoretical framework be considered which essentially combines different aspects of each. For example, the notions of cause and effect associated with family systems, with an understanding of roles, salience and identity associated with symbolic interactionism. These theories can additionally be used to critically examine the core concepts of each. For example, how is the process of the looking-glass self influenced by the double-bind. Theoretical application in these ways may lead to new ways of perceiving family violence. The study of family violence also should attempt to increase its scope. Studies of family violence must adjust due to emerging and increasingly common alternative family forms; same-sex parent families and polygamous relationships are such examples. Methodologically, the study of family violence should attempt to attain a more culturally diverse sample. Many of the readings focused on this semester relied on a predominantly Caucasian sample, and studies focusing on different ethnicities would be beneficial. If researchers are to examine alternative family forms they must also establish a methodology that is sensitive to the stigma surrounding different identities, for example the emasculation associated with husband abuse, or the intersection of a homosexual identity within a context of family violence. Researchers should also establish a methodology that accounts for those patterns of violence considered â€Å"less severe† than others such as verbal abuse, as studies pertaini ng solely to physical violence are not enough. Practically, we suggest that researchers focus on early intervention through education. Researchers should aim for the implementation of programs directed to informing children and teenagers about this social issue. With increased awareness may come increased action towards ending the problem. These programs may assist a young person who is dealing with family violence, giving them an opportunity to speak to someone about it. Making the issue visible, giving it a platform to be discussed and early intervention is requisite to decreasing the frequency of family violence. The application of different aspects of the theories discussed this semester will be beneficial to the study of family violence as a whole. The fallacies of one theory may be redeemed through the usage of another. When evaluating such troubling social issues such as family violence, it is important to always think critically. In the cases of physical violence, we know that though symbolic interactionism, family members react to a situation based on their ability interpret the situation. So, it is important to understand the symbols the family uses to understand their interactions and behaviors. If a family is exposed to continuous physical abuse, in what ways do the family members interpret and internalize it? Why is it that many of the abused women came from families where no abuse was present and moreover continue the cycle of abuse? Where has the self worth gone or was it ever there in the first place? We now know some of the reasons why family violence is not reported and a lot of it has to do with the social stigma that is attributed both by those receiving the abuse and those who are the abusers. By building on – rather than challenging – the theories we can expand our knowledge and practically implement programs to assist those dealing with family violence. REFERENCES Barnett, O. W., Miller-Perrin, C. L., & Perrin, R. D. (2005). Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage Publications. Dobash, R. E. & Dobash, R. (1993). Violence against wives. In B. Fox (Ed.), Familypatterns: Gender relations (pp. 299-317). Toronto: Oxford University Press. Emery, C. R. (2009). Stay for the children? Husband violence, marital stability, and children’s behavior problems. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 71, 905-916. Gordon, L. (1989). The politics and history of family violence. 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Loseke (Ed.), Thinking about social problems: An introduction to constructionist perspective (pp. 75-96). London: Aldine Transaction. Mullaney, J. L. (2007). Telling it like a man: Masculinities and battering men’s accounts of their violence. Men and Masculinities, 10, 222-247. Rosen, K. (1996). The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships: Processes of seduction and entrapment. In D. Cahn & S. Lloyd (Eds.), Family violence from a communication perspective (pp. 151-176). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Umbe rson, D., Anderson, K., Williams, K., and Chen, M. (2003). Relation dynamics, emotion state, and domestic violence: a stress and masculinities perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 233-247. Yllo, K. (1993). Through a feminist lens: Gender, power, and violence. In R. Gelles & D. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.